"Parents commonly feel disempowered at the start of treatment and may have some reluctance to engage in a parent-led approach. This is understandable given the difficulties parents often face accessing evidence-based treatment for their child and their common concerns about being negatively judged by professionals. Furthermore, parents often arrive with the expectation that a clinician will work directly with their child to help them to overcome their difficulties. Using [a] case illustration we will highlight the key ways through which we were able to empower this parent to engage whilst adhering to the treatment model."

"This indicates that a phased treatment may not always be necessary to lower drop-out rates, and that ImRs may be well suited as a stand-alone treatment for CA-related PTSD ... Interestingly, ImRs also achieved large effects on improvement of emotion regulation, which is specifically targeted by STAIR. One explanation might be that emotion regulation cannot only be improved by instructing patients to use skills but that the process of change of meanings inherent in ImRs and the reduction of re-experiencing may be an alternative pathway. In addition, ImRs may improve emotion regulation by (a) creating a corrective experience and facilitating the expression of both positive and negative emotions, (b) improving the acceptance of these emotions and (c) facilitating a shift from negative to positive emotions by the specific actions performed during ImRs."

"Dialogical approaches can be broadly clustered into two overlapping strands ... Avatar Therapies and Relating Therapy focus on helping the voice-hearer develop assertive communication with a persecutory voice ... Conversely CFTp [Compassion Focused Therapy for Psychosis] and HVM-led [Hearing Voices Movement] approached focus on helping the voice-hearer to develop a more peaceful relationship with a persecutory voice ... [In the TwV approach] voices are construed as "disowned" (or dissociated) selves or parts of the self, which relate to adversity in the voice-hearer's life and can play an adaptive role by signposting unresolved emotional vulnerabilities ... Further, the approach positions these "dissociated" selves as dialogical (i.e. parts of self that can be conversed with and relate to each other), suggesting that verbal engagement with voices might be a possible way to decrease conflict and promote better relationships between a person's selves."

"Voices themselves had mixed opinions about using the approach. Sometimes fear had led them to discourage hearers from engaging with it:
Erin's voice, Sylvester: "It was a very fragile time, and I remember how involved and excited Erin was and I was glad that she became more cautious ... Erin was lucky that [the facilitators] were trustworthy people and that it was kept safe, and she had some skills already to keep herself safe. [If that wasn't so], she could have been taken advantage of."